Social Profile and Experiences of Discrimination among Scheduled Castes in Punjab: An Analysis

Abstract

The Scheduled Castes (SCs) constitute a significant proportion of Punjab's population and have played a vital role in the state's socio-economic and cultural development. Despite constitutional safeguards, affirmative action policies, and various welfare initiatives, members of the Scheduled Castes continue to encounter multiple forms of social discrimination, exclusion, and inequality. This study examines the social profile and experiences of discrimination among Scheduled Castes in Punjab, with particular emphasis on the intersection of caste, education, occupation, income, and access to social and public institutions. The study explores the persistence of caste-based discrimination in both rural and urban settings and assesses its impact on social mobility, educational attainment, employment opportunities, political participation, and human dignity. Adopting an analytical approach, the study reviews existing literature, constitutional provisions, government policies, and empirical evidence to understand the changing nature of caste relations in Punjab. It argues that although legal protections and socio-economic development have improved the overall status of Scheduled Castes, deeply entrenched social hierarchies and discriminatory practices continue to impede their full inclusion in mainstream society.