The Metaphysical Status of Embryos in the Indian Knowledge System (IKS): A Philosophical Analysis

Abstract

The metaphysical status of the embryo has long been debated in philosophy, theology, and bioethics. In contemporary discourse on Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis, the embryo often becomes the focal point of ethical controversy. Western debates emphasize concepts of potentiality, individuality, and personhood, yet frequently treat the embryo as either a pre-personal biological entity or as a rights-bearing subject from conception. The Indian Knowledge System (IKS), however, offers a markedly different approach. Rooted in Vedic and Upanishadic metaphysics, Ayurvedic medical traditions, and epic narratives by situating the embryo within a continuum of existence rather than a binary of “potential” or “actual” life, IKS contributes a holistic vision that integrates metaphysical, ethical, and social dimensions. This paper argues that the IKS framework centred on dharma, karma, and relational ethics can enrich modern ART debates by offering a culturally grounded bioethics that balances technological possibilities with spiritual responsibility and care.