About Anusandhanvallari Anusandhanvallari Journal is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary research journal, dedicated to promoting scholarly research and academic inquiry in the fields of Indian knowledge systems, philosophy, literature, science, and allied disciplines. Rooted in the vision of preserving and advancing India’s intellectual heritage, the journal serves as a platform for researchers, academicians, and practitioners to share original contributions that bridge tradition and innovation. Anusandhanvallari embodies our commitment to fostering critical thought, academic excellence, and interdisciplinary dialogue. The journal welcomes submissions in English, Sanskrit, Hindi, and other Indian languages, encouraging inclusivity and cultural depth. Our mission is to support the growth of a vibrant research community that values authenticity, depth, and rigor. Through Anusandhanvallari, we aim to inspire meaningful scholarship that contributes to national and global understanding. Learn More -> Indian Literature and Linguistics Scholarly work on classical and modern Indian literature, including analysis of texts in Sanskrit, Hindi, and regional languages, along with studies on Indian linguistics, language evolution, and literary traditions. Cultural Studies and History Research on India’s diverse cultural heritage, traditions, rituals, art forms, festivals, and historical narratives, with an emphasis on understanding their relevance in modern society. Interdisciplinary Studies Articles that explore the intersection of traditional Indian knowledge and modern academic disciplines, such as the integration of ancient wisdom with current technological, environmental, and social challenges. Health and Well-being Research on traditional Indian medical systems such as Ayurveda, Yoga, and naturopathy, and their role in modern healthcare and well-being. Objective of Anusandhanvallari Focus on what makes you different Promote Scholarly Research Promote scholarly research in Indian philosophy, science, literature, culture, and related disciplines. Encourage Critical Analysis Encourage critical analysis of classical texts and traditional knowledge in the context of contemporary academic discourse. Support Interdisciplinary Studies Support interdisciplinary studies that bridge ancient wisdom and modern knowledge systems. Facilitate Multilingual Scholarship Facilitate multilingual scholarship, especially in Indian languages such as Sanskrit, Hindi, and regional languages, alongside English. Strengthen Academic Engagement Strengthen academic engagement with India’s intellectual traditions, contributing to both national development and global understanding. Provide a Platform Provide a platform for researchers and academicians to publish original, peer-reviewed work across disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, Ayurveda, science, arts, and cultural studies.
A Review of Strategic Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems in E-Commerce: National and International Perspectives on Customer Loyalty
Strategic Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in e-commerce integrates advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, and automation to enhance personalization, customer engagement, and loyalty. The literature reveals that strategic CRM transcends operational functions by aligning customer data with long-term business objectives, fostering trust, satisfaction, and brand attachment. E-commerce leaders like Amazon, Alibaba, and Flipkart employ CRM for real-time interaction, segmentation, and personalized marketing to achieve sustained consumer relationships. Despite its benefits, challenges such as data privacy, integration issues, and technological readiness persist, especially in emerging markets like India. This review highlights the transformative impact of strategic CRM in strengthening customer loyalty within both domestic and international contexts, emphasizing the role of AI-driven insights in the evolving digital marketplace.
AI and IoT and Smart Sensor for Automated Plant Health Monitoring
Precision agriculture increasingly relies on integrated Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, and networks of smart sensors to enable continuous, automated plant-health monitoring. This paper examines the technological convergence that enables early detection of biotic and abiotic stressors, real-time decision support, and resource-efficient interventions. We synthesize sensor modalities (visible/NIR imaging, multispectral/hyperspectral cameras, chlorophyll fluorescence, soil moisture, temperature, relative humidity, gas analyzers for volatile organic compounds), on-node edge processing, and communication layers (LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, BLE, Wi-Fi) with AI methods spanning lightweight convolutional neural networks, transformer variants for remote sensing, time-series models for microclimate and soil data, and anomaly-detection frameworks for longitudinal plant health signatures. The discussion foregrounds practical deployment challenges — sensor calibration and drift, energy autonomy, data heterogeneity, network reliability in vegetated environments, domain shift across cultivars and phenological stages, and data governance including privacy and ownership — and examines mitigation strategies such as federated learning, domain adaptation, edge-cloud partitioning, and energy-aware scheduling. We conclude with a recommended systems architecture, an evaluation framework for field validation (accuracy, latency, false alarm cost, economic return), and a research roadmap that prioritizes robust multimodal fusion, scalable edge AI, and socio-technical adoption pathways for smallholder contexts. The paper aims to provide an actionable foundation for researchers and practitioners designing automated plant-health monitoring systems that are accurate, resilient, and economically viable.
Entwined Identities: Caste, Sexuality and Femininity in Modern English Novels
For several years, literature has been a perceptive window into the intricacies of human identity, particularly in cultures with strong social stratification. Writers from marginalized communities in modern India have broadened this mirror, illuminating lives molded by the concurrent demands of gender, sexuality, and caste. Their experiences shed light on the systemic injustices that still shape social experience in addition to sharing personal tales. Based on this idea, this essay explores the intersections of gender, caste, and queer identities in a selection of works by Urmila Pawar, Baby Kamble, Meena Kandasamy, and Sachin Kundalkar, who represent a variety of voices in English literature from the twenty-first century. The study investigates how these authors portray the complex systems of discrimination and belonging that influence people's lives in modern India using the intersectionality framework. Meena Kandasamy and Sachin Kundalkar illustrate how sexuality and social hierarchy interact to question accepted ideas of identity and morality, while Urmila Pawar and Baby Kamble show how caste and patriarchy work together to suppress Dalit women. The paper examines how narrative voice, language, and emotion become tools of self-expression and resistance, drawing on Dalit feminist and queer theoretical views. It makes the case that these works turn literature into a forum for discussion and protest, where marginalized voices are heard with strength and dignity. The study concludes by confirming that intersectionality, when rooted in the Indian culture, offers fresh perspectives on literature as a reflection of both adversity and resiliency.
Journey from Isolation to Realization of Self Knowledge in Margaret Laurence’s A Jest of God
The article aims to provide alternative solutions and ideas for better understanding and appreciation of Native Canadian literature. It argues for a comprehensive approach, including engagement with Indigenous scholars and cultural specialists, to deepen the interpretative process. Furthermore, the study seeks to promote cross-cultural conversation, respect for Indigenous storytelling traditions, and recognition of the variety of Indigenous experiences. It hopes to contribute to a deeper understanding of Indigenous literature, culture, and identity, therefore meeting the fundamental goal of the research. Margaret Laurence’s Manawaka novels primarily explore themes of loneliness, isolation, assimilation, alienation, and identity. This study aims to demonstrate the psychological and emotional path of an alienated protagonist. They experience feelings of alienation from their surroundings, as well as loneliness and isolation. Finally, Margaret Lawrence’s protagonists achieve personal and societal integration. They triumph over their sufferings.
An Analysis of Adaptability in Select Novels of Chinua Achibe
Adaptability is a key and complex issue throughout Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God, No Longer at Ease and A Man of the People. It is examined through the hardships of numerous people, Igbo society’s reaction to colonialism and Achebe’s unique use of language to create an authentic African voice. The present article investigates how different people and civilizations thrive or fail to adapt to a changing world, with catastrophic implications for those who refuse or are unable to develop.
Temporal Dislocation and the Poetics of Memory: A Phenomenological Reading of Anita Desai’s Clear Light of Day
This study examines the issue of temporal dislocation in Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day (1980) via the phenomenological lens of memory. A lot of research has focused on issues like family alienation, Partition trauma, and postcolonial identity. This study is different because it looks at how Desai builds a poetic structure of memory that goes beyond chronological time. The paper looks at how memory affects Bim’s reality and identity through the lens of phenomenological philosophy, especially the work of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. This article makes the case that Clear Light of Day stages memory not just as a way to remember the past, but as an existential space that shapes consciousness and meaning. It does this by closely analysing the text and critically engaging with existing scholarship.
Theme of Freedom and Social Discrimination and Fantasy in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Twain is an American author. He has frequently mimicked British literary styles. Twain has switched the emphasis to the distinct American style of communicating and experiencing life, so as to establish a new literary tradition that has been more authentic and approachable to Americans. He has elevated the common people’s language to an art form, adding colloquialisms, regional dialects and even sounds that are not conventional words. His use of the earthy, vernacular kind of writing imbue his work with remarkable fire and directness. The present study will analyze the better understanding of struggles, adventures, conflicts, struggles and adventure seeking identities
“Depiction Of Social Morality and Family Dynamics in the Plays of Arthur Miller”
This paper investigates the interrelated themes of social morality and family dynamics in Arthur Miller‟s plays. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate what Miller wants to impress upon our minds through his plays, that a man should subordinate his personal interests and even the interest of his family to the interests of society at large. In his plays, Miller shows his deep concern with social issues. Arthur Miller has focused upon a single subject, “the struggle of the individual attempting to gain his „rightful‟ position in his society” and his family. In simple words, his dramas deal with man‟s relationship with society and family. He has brought back into the theatre the drama of social questions. Each of his four chief plays is built on a family situation. “All My Sons” and “Death of a Salesman” on the father - son conflict. “The Crucible” and “A View from the Bridge” on the triangle of sex. Dealing with some vital family problems, they criticize or comment upon the structure of society. So they must be considered as conventional social plays. His plays are obviously family concerned. But his heroes are more than failed husband and fathers because he has recognized that the most impressive family plays, from Oedipus through Hamlet to Ghosts, have modified the concept of the family and of the individual under the pressure of society. Each of his heroes is involved in one way or another in a struggle that results from his acceptance or rejection of an image that is the product of his society‟s values and prejudices. Miller‟s plays masterfully depict social morality and family dynamics as intertwined forces shaping human tragedy, critiquing the erosion of ethical responsibility under conformity. Miller‟s plays explore the emotional and social impact of family dynamics on individuals and their choices. His greatest works like “Death of a Salesman” and “All My Sons”, predominantly explore American theme and themes they also resonate with universal human experiences, focusing on family dynamics and societal expectations.
“Split Selves and Shared Spaces: The Identity Quest in The Namesake”
The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri tells the moving story of Gogol Ganguli, the son of Bengali immigrants born in America, as he struggles with the intricacies of bicultural identity. Amidst generational strife, cultural estrangement, and diasporic yearning, the book explores the complex development of his identity. This paper examines how Lahiri employs Gogol’s conflicted relationship with his name to symbolise broader diasporic tensions, supported by a critical framework that includes diaspora theory, postcolonial studies, and identity formation.
Socio-Political Realism and the Ethics of Care in the Fiction of Rohinton Mistry
Rohinton Mistry, an exceptional writer, is also a prominent member of the Indian diaspora. He has earned worldwide acclaim. His art addresses Indian sensibility. His reality and straightforward manner are constantly admired. Literature of the Indian Diaspora is a prominent subset of Indian English literature that grows in importance. Understanding the origins of Indian diaspora is crucial for understanding diasporic literature in general. The postcolonial and intellectual diaspora has its own representative writer in North America, like Rohinton Mistry.Rohinton Mistry’s Family Matters expertly navigates many layers of Parsi family life as well as the larger difficulties of contemporary Indian culture. The novel provides a complex and multidimensional reading experience by delving deeply into family relationships, ageing and senility, religion and faith, class and social conflict, Mumbai as a character, secularism and tolerance and mortality and legacy. Mistry’s storytelling explores the complexities of human existence while also reflecting on the problems and opportunities of modern living. The present study will analyze Parsi community, family relationships, religion and faith, class and social conflict.
Luxury Corroding Nothingness Manjula Padmanabhan’s Harvest.
This article investigates the issues of identity politics and dehumanization in Manjula Padmanabhan’s Harvest (1997). The drama investigates the sociological and political consequences of identity, while also recognizing the transforming effects of late capitalism on physical landscapes. The drama investigates the conflict between personal desire, economic inequality, society expectations and the commodity of human life. Padmanabhan discusses the intersections of global capitalism. This paper contends that the play Harvest reveals the ideology of current capitalism by presenting pre-constituted people whose roles in society are preset. By investigating the dynamics of social identity, the study situates analysis within the politics of space in connection to power relations that reconstruct dominant hierarchical organization and its implications for subordinate governance.
Patterns of Library ICT Usage and Student Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Arts and Science College of Madurai
This research focuses on the library ICT resources and their implementation among students in arts and science colleges in Madurai. The use of ICT in libraries has affected most of the conventional library services bringing about improvement in delivery of information and learning resources. The study’s objectives in this research include assessing the level of ICT adoption by students and patterns of use, the problems that are encountered, and how the situation could be enhanced in order to offer optimal ICT services in the library setting. Suring the research a random-sampling technique was used alongside Survey data that is quantitative in nature, the study used interview data that is qualitative in nature. The target population was made up of students in selected arts and science colleges in Madurai. Research data indicates that apart from the fact that a large number of students portrayed frequent users of ICT apparatus afforded by libraries, there are disparities, which exist between arts and science students in utilization frequencies of the mentioned ICT tools. The widely adopted ICT tools include digital libraries and database, and library management systems. However, issues like; Infrastructure, Training, Awareness emerged as the main barriers to the optimal use of e-Learning. The findings imply higher investment in the equipment’s, training and sensitization processes in order to exploit the potentials of ICT in library. Some of the studies can offer qualitative data on ICT use in a particular context, although this study aims to complement the existing literature by presenting quantitative findings on the subject in a particular region.
AI-Driven Strategies: Revolutionizing Marketing Decision-making in Indian Companies
The study aims to bring out the new use of artificial intelligence (AI) in making strategic marketing decisions in Indian companies. Whereas AI has changed the way Relationship Management and advertising works in other areas, companies from India have difficulties in acquiring the necessary platform capabilities to facilitate that innovation. This research is distinct in that it looks critically into the present use of AI, its effect on the business, effect on customer engagement, and where there are recommendations on how to efficiently use AI in marketing strategies. The descriptive analysis depicts the research drawing from secondary sources like company reports, case studies, and marketing databases with qualitative technique analysis issuing tools such as NVivo and SPSS. The study suggests India’s marketing strategy can enhance AI integration to address agricultural productivity issues and improve overall business strategy.
Social Media Influence on Online Shopping of Durables: The Mediating Effect of Brand and Trust on Purchase Decision
This paper assesses the impact that social media marketing makes on brand association, customer confidence, as well as purchase intention in the market of consumer durable goods. The aim is to grasp how marketers should design engagement strategies targeting online consumers. Purposive sampling was employed to gather information from 145 social media users who had used social media for buying consumer durables in the last one year. The study’s results suggest that marketing activities on social media greatly boosts brand association and trust which, in turn, leads to stronger purchase intentions and actual buying behavior. The study details how brand perception and credibility mediate consumers’ decisions. The strategic implication is that brands need to improve their efforts in social media marketing to build trust with engagement, hence increase conversion rates. This is a unique contribution because it fills a gap identified in the reviewed literature, specifically the association of social media brand association, trust, as well as consumptions of durable goods in the online marketplace.
भारतीय ज्ञान-परम्परा में शुक्रनीति का योगदान
भारतीय ज्ञान-परम्परा हमारे प्राचीन आचार्यों द्वारा रोपित वह वृक्ष है जिसकी शाखाएँ वेद, वेदांग, उपनिषद्, पुराण, इतिहास, स्मृतिग्रन्थ, नीतिग्रन्थ के रूप में पुष्पित व पल्लवित हो रही हैं। इसी बौद्धिक और दार्शनिक परम्परा में शुक्राचार्य प्रणीत शुक्रनीति का महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। अन्य सभी शास्त्र व्यावहारिक जगत् के किसी एक भाग का वर्णन करते हैं, किन्तु सार्वजनिक हित एवं सामाजिक सुरक्षा का बन्धकत्व यह नीतिशास्त्र ही देता है। क्योंकि धर्म, अर्थ, काम और मोक्षरूप पुरुषार्थ चतुष्टय का यह साधक है। इसका ज्ञान प्राप्त करने वाला शासक लोकप्रियता प्राप्त करता है। शुक्रनीति राज्य-संचालन या राजनीति के अतिरिक्त समाज, अर्थव्यवस्था, न्याय-व्यवस्था, दण्ड-विधान, कर-प्रणाली, कूटनीति, शिक्षा, नारी-सम्मान, श्रम और दासप्रथा जैसे विविध पक्षों को समग्र दृष्टि से प्रस्तुत करने वाली रचना है। इसमें राज्य को एक नैतिक संस्था के रूप में देखा गया है, जहाँ शासक का कर्तव्य प्रजा के कल्याण, न्याय और सुरक्षा से जुड़ा है। प्रस्तुत शोधपत्र भारतीय ज्ञान-परम्परा के व्यापक सन्दर्भ में शुक्रनीति के नीतिगत आधारों का विश्लेषण करता है। साथ ही यह स्पष्ट करता है कि इस ग्रन्थ में वर्णित शासन-सिद्धान्त, कूटनीतिक व्यवहार, कर-नीति और सामाजिक न्याय की अवधारणाएँ आधुनिक राज्यशास्त्र और प्रशासनिक चिन्तन से भी संवाद स्थापित करती हैं। समकालीन वैश्विक परिप्रेक्ष्य में, जहाँ सुशासन, नैतिक राजनीति और सामाजिक समावेशन की आवश्यकता बढ़ रही है, ऐसे में शुक्रनीति की शिक्षाएँ आज भी प्रासंगिक और मार्गदर्शक सिद्ध होती हैं।
The Media Manipulation in Chetan Bhagat’s The Three Mistakes Of My Life
Chetan Bhagat is a contemporary writer. He is an entertaining social novelist from India. His writings concern about the civic responsibilities. He highlights the social issues in non- provocative narration. Here, this article explores the pervasive social problem called ‘media manipulation and hegemony’ in the novel The Three Mistakes of My Life. How the media moulds a society is represented here and the deception and domination of the media is scrutinized. The character ‘Ishaan’ is seen as focal that the exploration of socio-cultural milieu regarding the impact of the media is to be done. Through his life journey which is talked by the first person narrator Govind who is friend of Ishaan, this generation’s deviation and decline from practical life is explained well and the media maniac society is portrayed precisely. The novel pasteurizes the dependant nature called extreme passion or fanaticism on the media and sports degrading the citizens. The influence of media over the society is assessed through the qualitative research methodology to screen the lurking obstacle and how it manipulates the social constituent.
The Role of Social Media Marketing in Modern Film Promotion: An AIDA and Two-Step Flow Approach
Media is one of the major economic incomes and one of the largest consumption categories. While the media is still flourishing, the need for innovation in films increases. This lack creates a disinterest and hence, films need to be marketed after being produced. Unlike the older times where social media platforms were incompetent and film promotions were handled through radio and television, the new era brings in effective social media for promotion. Public Relations uses social media wisely and hence attracts a larger audience to promote the feature films. Without social media's role, opinion leaders or influencers are scarce which leads to a smaller number of advertisements. The optimistic side of social media is that anyone has access to become an opinion leader hence, the existence of a legion of influencers makes promotions easily possible through their social networks. AIDA Model theory in marketing recognises how a specific production gets attention, then gains interest which gives a desire to be put in action to consume a production. Through the AIDA Model theory developed by E. St. Elmo Lewis, the engagement and attention of the audience towards cinema through various marketing techniques of social media are deconstructed. The Two-Step Flow theory of communication reiterates that information cannot be passed on to someone at ease without opinion leaders and that it needs opinion leaders as influencers to reach the audience. Through the Two-Step Flow theory of communication by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz, the significant opinion leaders for Public Relations and promotions are analysed. The several ways used in marketing and promoting a film are analysed in this research. The viewpoint of the audience which determines the future of the cinema industry and its marketing is evaluated through the research. This study is also able to find out how much more social media can be used efficiently in the future.
Mapping the Knowledge Landscape of Informal Manufacturing: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda for Assam's Overlooked Sector
The informal manufacturing sector represents a critical yet understudied component of regional economies in developing countries. This systematic literature review examines the global knowledge base on informal manufacturing to identify research gaps specific to Assam, India's northeastern state. Through a PRISMA guided analysis of 46 studies from 2016-2024, we reveal a striking contradiction while informal manufacturing constitutes a significant portion of economic activity in developing regions, Assam-specific research continues to be negligible. This paper contributes to the literature by synthesizing global patterns in informal manufacturing research, developing a theoretical framework for understanding regional variations in informal manufacturing dynamics, and proposing a comprehensive research agenda for Assam's informal manufacturing sector. Our findings reveal that informal manufacturing is driven by complex interactions between institutional factors, socioeconomic conditions, and technological capabilities, yet these dynamics remain unexplored, leading us to outline priority research areas and methodological approaches needed to address this critical knowledge gap.
Downstream Consequences of Large Dam project: Environmental Degradation and Social Vulnerability in the downstream of Mapithel Dam, Thoubal River, Manipur
Large dam projects in India are commonly evaluated through upstream displacement and infrastructural benefits, while the downstream impacts remain poorly documented. This study examines the environmental, livelihood and health consequences experienced by downstream communities of the Mapithel Dam on the Thoubal River, Manipur. Primary data were collected from 200 respondents across 20 downstream villages using structured field surveys. The findings indicate a marked deterioration in river water quality following dam construction, characterised by increased turbidity, stagnation, odour and reduced natural flow. These changes have significantly altered patterns of river water utilization with sharp declines in drinking, cooking, and bathing, alongside reduced agricultural productivity. Many households reported moderate to severe declines in crop yield. Health impacts, including skin infections and sanitation related illnesses particularly among women were reported. Despite physical accessibility to the river, declining water quality has fundamentally reshaped everyday practices and livelihood security. The study highlights a critical governance gap in dam impact assessments, where downstream effects are excluded from social and environmental monitoring. By highlighting lived experiences and empirical evidence, this paper argues for basin wide impact assessments and inclusive water governance that recognises downstream communities as integral stakeholders in sustainable development planning.
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Enhancing Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Evidence from IT Professionals
This study investigates the influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on job satisfaction, work engagement, reward system perceptions, and organizational commitment among IT professionals in Bangalore. A descriptive and analytical research design was employed, with data collected from 250 employees across five major IT companies: Wipro, Infosys, TCS, HCL, and Accenture. Constructs were measured using validated scales adapted for the Indian IT context, with responses recorded on a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics indicated high levels of EI, work engagement, and organizational commitment, while job satisfaction and reward system perceptions were moderately high. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships among EI, job satisfaction, work engagement, and organizational commitment. Multiple regression analysis showed that EI was the strongest predictor of organizational commitment, followed by work engagement, job satisfaction, and reward system. The findings underscore the pivotal role of EI in fostering employee loyalty, satisfaction, and productivity in IT organizations, highlighting the importance of EI development programs for enhancing workforce effectiveness and retention.
“Public Sector Banks as Agents of Rural Transformation: An Empirical Investigation into CSR and Socio-Economic”
This empirical investigation examines the role of Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in catalyzing rural transformation in India, with a specific focus on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives and key socio-economic indicators within Karnataka. Rural India’s development continues to hinge on inclusive financial intermediation and effective deployment of socio-economic interventions; PSBs have been central to this process through financial inclusion, targeted credit, and CSR programs aimed at employment creation, education, infrastructure, and livelihood enhancement. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this study analyzes primary survey data (n = 50 rural households across three districts of Karnataka) and secondary government data on banking penetration, credit disbursement, and rural socio-economic indicators. Findings reveal a significant correlation between PSB presence, CSR-linked development initiatives, and improvements in rural welfare outcomes including income levels, asset ownership, women’s financial participation, and access to formal credit. CSR activities by PSBs such as micro-enterprise support, financial literacy drives, and infrastructure investments emerge as influential but uneven across regions. Statistical analysis demonstrates positive trends in financial inclusion metrics, while qualitative insights underscore gaps in outreach and impact measurement. Key recommendations include enhancing CSR alignment with local needs, bolstering PSBs’ operational capacity in underserved areas, and integrating rural socio-economic data analytics into CSR planning. By contextualizing PSBs’ contributions within Karnataka’s rural development paradigm, the study contributes to policy discourses on financial inclusivity and sustainable rural transformation.
Analysis of the Theory of Statistical Estimation
The theory of statistical estimation is a central pillar of modern statistics, providing the conceptual and mathematical foundation for drawing conclusions about populations based on sample data. Its primary objective is to infer unknown parameters—such as means, variances, or proportions—using finite and often noisy observations. Because real-world data are inherently variable, statistical estimation offers a principled way to quantify uncertainty and assess the reliability of conclusions. Over the last century, the field has matured through the development of competing philosophies, optimality criteria, and practical estimation techniques that continue to play essential roles in science, economics, engineering, and machine learning. A fundamental distinction in the theory of estimation lies between point estimation and interval estimation. Point estimation focuses on providing a single “best guess” for an unknown parameter. Examples include the sample mean for estimating a population mean or the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for a parameter defined through a probability model. Interval estimation, by contrast, recognizes that any estimate derived from a sample is uncertain and therefore seeks to construct a range—such as a confidence interval or credible interval—within which the parameter is likely to lie. While point estimators provide simplicity and convenience, interval estimators offer a more robust understanding of uncertainty, making them indispensable in scientific reporting. Central to evaluating the quality of an estimator are several optimality criteria, most notably bias, variance, and mean squared error (MSE). An estimator is unbiased if its expected value equals the true parameter; however, unbiasedness alone does not guarantee practical usefulness.
India Post Payments Bank and Financial Inclusion in Rural Karnataka: A Demographic Study of Belagavi District of Karnataka
Financial inclusion is a key component of inclusive economic development in India, particularly in rural and semi-urban regions where access to formal banking remains limited. India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) was established with the objective of extending basic banking services by utilizing the extensive postal network across the country. The present study examines the role of India Post Payments Bank in promoting financial inclusion in the rural areas of Belagavi District of Karnataka, with special emphasis on demographic factors influencing service usage. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from 200 IPPB customers. Descriptive analysis and chi-square tests were applied to assess the relationship between demographic variables such as gender, age, and educational qualification and selected dimensions of IPPB usage, including frequency of use, service preference, satisfaction level, and perceived difficulty in accessing digital services. The analysis reveals that demographic factors significantly influence the frequency of usage of IPPB services, while variations in satisfaction and service preference are comparatively limited. The findings indicate that India Post Payments Bank has contributed positively to improving access to banking services in rural areas. However, challenges related to digital literacy and regular usage remain, particularly among older and less-educated users. The study suggests that focused awareness programmes and user-oriented support mechanisms can further strengthen IPPB’s role in advancing financial inclusion in rural Karnataka.
A Study on Relationship between Resilience and Life Satisfaction among Adults
The present study aimed to examine the relationship between resilience and life satisfaction among employed men and women. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 156 working individuals (76 men and 80 women) from different occupational sectors in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Resilience and life satisfaction were measured using the Brief Resilience Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, respectively. Statistical analyses, including correlation, regression, independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA, were conducted using SPSS version 25. The findings revealed a significant positive association between resilience and life satisfaction among working adults. Regression results indicated that resilience accounted for 45.3% of the variance in life satisfaction. Additionally, one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in resilience or life satisfaction across occupational groups. Similarly, no statistically significant gender differences were observed in either resilience or life satisfaction. The study highlights the potential benefits of spiritual development programs, such as mindfulness practices, community engagement, and spiritual counseling, in enhancing life satisfaction. It also emphasizes the importance of resilience-building strategies to help individuals manage stress and maintain a positive outlook. Practical implications include incorporating spirituality and resilience-based approaches into workplace wellness initiatives, mental health interventions, and public health programs targeting middle-aged adults. Future research is recommended to investigate cultural variations and longitudinal patterns to gain deeper insights into these relationships.
A Comparative Study of Morphological Structure of Bodo and Nepali Verb
This paper presents a comparative morphological study of verb structures in Bodo and Nepali, two genetically unrelated languages belonging to the Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European language families respectively. The study examines the formation and classification of verbs into simple, complex, and compound types in both languages. It highlights similarities and differences in syllabic structure, prefixation, suffixation, negation, tense, and causative constructions. Simple verbs are primarily monosyllabic, while complex and compound verbs are polysyllabic in nature. The analysis demonstrates how social contact and linguistic typology influence verb formation patterns. The study contributes to a better understanding of verb morphology in a comparative linguistic perspective.
Neuro-Linguistic AI: Exploring the Cognitive Interface Between Human Language and Machine Understanding
Neuro-Linguistic AI represents an emerging paradigm that integrates computational linguistics, cognitive science, neuroscience, and machine learning to build models capable of interpreting and generating human language with a level of contextual depth, semantic understanding, and cognitive alignment that approximates human-like comprehension. As AI systems increasingly mediate human communication, decision processes, and knowledge work, understanding the cognitive interface between human linguistic behaviour and machine interpretation becomes essential for developing trustworthy, intelligent, and socially-aligned systems. This paper investigates how Neuro-Linguistic AI frameworks synthesize neural language models, cognitive-semantic theories, and neuro-symbolic architectures to improve comprehension, disambiguation, reasoning, and meaning representation in natural language interactions. It evaluates how advanced generative models, attention-based architectures, cognitive embeddings, and neuro-semantic integration enhance machine understanding of pragmatics, intent, ambiguity resolution, and contextual inference. Findings reveal that Neuro-Linguistic AI improves interpretability, communication fidelity, and adaptive learning but also introduces challenges such as cognitive bias propagation, inference instability, semantic drift, and ethical complexity. The study proposes a unified research framework to analyse cognitive-linguistic alignment and suggests new pathways for robust, transparent, and human-centric machine understanding.
Blockchain-Enabled Secure Data Exchange for Smart AI Language Platforms
Blockchain-enabled secure data exchange represents a transformative paradigm for next-generation smart AI language platforms, addressing escalating challenges related to privacy, data integrity, provenance tracking, adversarial manipulation, and trust in decentralized computational environments. As language models increasingly depend on large-scale, multi-source, real-time data streams for training, personalization, and adaptive reasoning, the security vulnerabilities inherent in centralized architectures including single points of failure, unauthorized data inference, model poisoning, and manipulation of exchange protocols have become critical concerns. Blockchain offers a cryptographically verifiable, tamper-resistant, and decentralized infrastructure enabling secure, transparent, and auditable data flows between humans, intelligent systems, and collaborative AI ecosystems. This paper investigates how distributed ledger technologies, decentralized identifiers, smart contracts, and zero-knowledge privacy techniques can be integrated to create a secure data exchange backbone for AI language platforms. It evaluates blockchain-based trust models, consensus-driven validation, immutable metadata trails, and secure multi-party exchange frameworks that enhance resistance to tampering, bias injection, and data inconsistency. Findings demonstrate that blockchain enhances transparency, provenance, federated trust, and accountability while reducing attack surfaces in data pipelines used by smart AI language systems. However, challenges remain in scalability, latency, computational overhead, and aligning decentralized security with high-speed AI language operations. The study proposes a unified architecture and research framework for secure, ethical, and decentralized AI language ecosystems.
Nutritional and Therapeutic Properties of Traditional Food Shree Anna (Millets): A Review
Millets and their products are used in various health as well as disease condition because of their rich contents of minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber, and it is very easy to cultivate. As a result, The United Nations General Assembly declared the year 2023 as the International Year of Millets. The main purpose of this is to create awareness of the health benefits of millet to the general public. Millets are mainly grown in Asian and African countries. Majorly grown millets in the world are pearl millet, finger millet, finger foxtail millet, barnyard millet, sorghum, kodo millet, and little millet. Millets are nutritionally superior to wheat and rice, used as Nutri-cereals. It has gluten-free and low glycemic index. Millets can help in preventing heart disease, cancer, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and various other health benefits. In ancient times it was extensively cultivated, but its cultivation declined eventually because of people's shift towards wheat and rice farming during the green revolution. The present reviews introduce different types of millets.
Emotional Intelligence as a Determinant of Job Satisfaction: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis
In the evolving organizational environment marked by technological disruption, workforce diversity, and heightened emotional demands, understanding the psychological determinants of job satisfaction has become increasingly important. Emotional intelligence (EI), reflecting an individual’s capacity to perceive, regulate, and utilize emotions effectively, has emerged as a critical factor influencing employee attitudes and well-being. This study presents a comprehensive review and analytical synthesis of empirical and conceptual research published between 2010 and 2025 to examine emotional intelligence as a determinant of job satisfaction. Drawing upon studies across multiple sectors, including healthcare, education, IT, hospitality, and public administration, the review highlights consistent evidence supporting a positive relationship between EI and job satisfaction. The analysis reveals that emotional regulation, stress mitigation, leadership effectiveness, emotional labor management, and interpersonal relationships serve as key mediating mechanisms. The study contributes by consolidating fragmented literature, identifying theoretical advancements, and offering insights for organizational practice and future research in emotional intelligence and job satisfaction.
A Complex interaction between the past and present in Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills
Japanese literature has its roots in oral traditions that were transcribed in the early eighth century. It coincided with the adoption of a Chinese writing system. Memory, time and lying that never ends are some of the main themes of Kazuo Ishiguro’s works. His upbringing in a Japanese family in Great Britain has shaped the way he thinks and sees things. His first two novels take place in Japan. In his later writings, Ishiguro has written in genres including science fiction and fantasy. He doesn’t use a lot of verbiage, even while he talks about dramatic events.
A Study of Mindfulness and Stress among Adults
Extensive research shows that adolescents and young adults are experiencing rising levels of stress and depression. Findings from the American Psychological Association’s Stress in America Survey indicate that teenagers report stress levels comparable to those of adults. Although many teens recognize that their stress is unhealthy, they often fail to fully understand its effects on their mental and physical well-being. Growing evidence suggests that mindfulness practices are effective in reducing anxiety and stress. The present study examined the impact of mindfulness on stress among young adults using the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (Walach, 2006) and the Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1983). The results revealed a significant negative relationship between mindfulness and stress levels, indicating that higher mindfulness was associated with lower perceived stress. Overall, the findings suggest that mindfulness has a beneficial influence on stress reduction in young adults. Additionally, mindfulness was linked to decreased stress and increased work engagement in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, highlighting its role as a protective and adaptable personal resource.
Kavi Koduram Dalit ke Kavya me Grameen Chetna
India’s Strategic Transition from Semiconductor Consumer to Producer: Policy, Infrastructure and Market Readiness Analysis
India has embarked on a transformative journey to emerge as a major player in the global semiconductor value chain, shifting from a consumer market to a potential production hub. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of recent policy interventions, such as the India Semiconductor Mission(ISM) and Production Linked Incentives (PLI), evaluates infrastructure and supply chain developments, and critically assesses challenges related to import dependence, skilled labor, and R&D. Using a policy and industry trend analysis framework, it is compared semiconductor strategy of India with established producers like Taiwan and South Korea. Findings suggest that while strategic collaborations and state incentives have laid promising groundwork, gaps remain in talent development, raw material sourcing, and indigenous innovation capacity. The study concludes with strategic recommendations of producing the raw materials domestically, ensuring un-interrupted Supply of critical raw-materials from foreign Countries, creating the adequate skilled workforce to strengthen India’s global semiconductor competitiveness.
“Bridging Financial Inclusion and Community Development: CSR Practices of Public Sector Banks in Karnataka
This study investigates the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices of Public Banks in Karnataka, with a focus on their contribution to financial inclusion and community development. Financial inclusion, defined as access to affordable and reliable banking services for society, is critical for promoting equitable economic growth and enhancing the livelihoods of marginalized populations. In Karnataka, Public Sector Banks have implemented CSR initiatives that extend beyond legal obligations, addressing region-specific development challenges and gaps in access to financial related services. This article combines secondary data from the bank reports, CSR disclosures, government statistics, and scholarly studies with primary insights from a survey of 50 respondents, including bank personnel, community representatives, and program beneficiaries. The findings reveal that CSR programs have positively influenced financial literacy, banking access, and awareness of economic opportunities, with particular impact observed in education, healthcare, women’s empowerment, and rural livelihood development. The study identifies challenges, uneven outreach, resource constraints, and the need for the improved co-ordination with government schemes. Overall, the evidence suggests that targeted, well-structured, and sustained CSR initiatives can produce meaningful socio-economic benefits, particularly in underserved and rural areas. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of aligning CSR strategies with local development priorities, enhancing transparency in monitoring outcomes, and fostering stronger partnerships between banks, government agencies, and civil society to maximize the potential of CSR in promoting inclusive and sustainable development across Karnataka.
Exploring AI Assessment Tools in English Language Learning and Teaching – A Qualitative Study
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology can be found in various sectors, including education and especially in English Language Teaching (ELT). It has the promise of completely transforming education by performing management activities, lending sophisticated teaching platforms and individualizing the experiences of learning. There are several language learning applications and websites integrated with AI tools to enhance language learning. In recent days, there have also been language skills assessment AI tools available, which assess listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. The current study aims to collect 10 AI language assessment tools and examine their features and accessibility for language learners and teachers. The study employs a qualitative method of survey technique; a survey of related studies has generated interesting insights. The study describes the usability of each AI language assessment tool with an authorized website link. Also, recommendations for the language instructors, learners and for further studies. It would be extremely beneficial for language learners and teachers to assess language proficiency levels by utilizing AI tools in ELT.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Strategic Decision-Making across HR, Marketing, and Finance Functions
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in strategic decision-making across core business functions, fundamentally reshaping how organizations approach human resources, marketing, and finance operations. As businesses navigate increasingly complex and data-rich environments, AI-powered decision-making systems are providing unprecedented capabilities for analyzing vast datasets, identifying patterns, predicting outcomes, and optimizing strategic choices. According to McKinsey Global Institute (2023), organizations that have adopted AI in strategic decision-making report 23% higher profitability and 19% revenue growth compared to their non-AI counterparts.
The Subversion of the Concept of Disability in George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire: A Foucauldian Analysis
Rather than serving as a source of identity and pride through the celebration of difference, disability has historically been characterised by subjugation in nearly every sphere of life. Representations of people with impairments are often framed in tragic terms, with language that is consistently negative or passive. This pattern has only begun to be resisted in literature over the past few decades. George R. R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire stands out in this regard, as it destabilises conventional portrayals of disability and repositions it as integral to human existence. Characters such as Tyrion Lannister and Bran Stark appear as complex figures, shaped by resilience, intellect, and contradictions that challenge the boundaries of ‘normalcy,’ rather than mere symbols of pity. By employing a Foucauldian perspective, this paper examines how Martin critiques the disciplinary power structures that enforce conformity, exposes the illusion of the able/disabled binary, and ultimately subverts the conventional narrative of disability as deficit.
"Empowering Educators: Safeguarding Privacy and Maximizing Social Media Integration in AI-Enhanced Language Instruction"
This research paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in language learning apps and platforms, focusing on Babbel, Lingvist, Memrise, EdX, Busuu, and OpenAI's GPT-3. These platforms utilize AI algorithms to tailor language lessons to individual learners' proficiency levels, interests, and learning styles. Each platform emphasizes data privacy and security protocols to protect user data while incorporating social features to facilitate peer interaction, collaboration, and cultural exchange among learners. The paper examines how these platforms leverage AI-driven personalized instruction to enhance language learning outcomes while navigating privacy concerns and ethical considerations. Through a comparative analysis of their approaches, the paper highlights best practices and challenges in integrating AI technologies into language education. Additionally, the paper discusses the potential of AI-driven language instruction to create immersive, effective, and inclusive learning environments in the digital age.
Reclaiming Agency: Women’s Narratives in Karna’s Wife
Kavita Kane is an Indian author known for her feminist retellings of Hindu mythology. A former journalist, she gained recognition with her debut novel, Karna’s Wife: The Outcast’s Queen. This paper entitled Reclaiming Agency: Women’s Narratives in Karna’s Wife explores the theme of female agency in Karna’s Wife: The Outcast’s Queen. The novel reimagines the Mahabharata through the perspective of Uruvi, Karna’s wife. By shifting the focus from the dominant male narratives of the epic, the novel offers a nuanced portrayal of Uruvi as an assertive and independent woman who challenges societal norms while navigating love, loyalty, and personal convictions. Drawing from feminist literary criticism, this study examines how Uruvi’s voice reclaims agency within a patriarchal framework, redefining her role beyond that of a silent consort. It further investigates how her choices, dialogues, and resistance to traditional constraints contribute to a broader discourse on women's empowerment in mythological retellings. In doing so, the paper highlights the significance of reinterpreting classical texts through contemporary feminist lenses to uncover marginalized voices and reframe historical narratives.
Institutional Pathways to Women’s Economic Empowerment: Micro-Level Evidence from India’s Rural Livelihood Economy
Women’s economic empowerment is widely recognized as central to inclusive development, yet empirical evidence linking institutional support systems to measurable agency remains limited at the micro level. This study examines how institutional participation shapes women’s economic empowerment within a structured rural livelihood economy. Using primary survey data from 418 women engaged in sericulture activities, the analysis constructs a multidimensional empowerment index and estimates a multiple regression model to evaluate the effects of training access, credit inclusion, collective participation, resource accessibility, and decision autonomy. The results demonstrate that all institutional predictors are positively and significantly associated with empowerment outcomes, with decision autonomy and training access emerging as the strongest drivers. The findings indicate that empowerment is not an automatic consequence of employment but an institutional achievement mediated through capability-building and agency reinforcement. By providing regression-based evidence from a women-intensive agro-industrial sector, the study advances empowerment theory and demonstrates that livelihood programs function as scalable infrastructures of gender transformation when embedded within integrated institutional ecosystems. The framework offers transferable insights for rural development policy beyond the empirical setting and supports a systemic approach to empowerment design.
A Critical Study on Awareness and Use of Information Sources and Services Among Postgraduate Students of Thiruvalluvar University Affiliated Colleges
This study critically examines the awareness, utilization, and chaallenges of information sources and services among postgraduate students in Thiruvalluvar University affiliated colleges. In the digital age, access to diverse print and electronic resources is vital for academic research and scholarly development. The research reveals a growing awareness and adoption of digital tools, with universal internet access and increasing use of e-resources such as e-journals, institutional repositories, and open access platforms. Despite this shift, traditional print sources like books and journals continue to play a significant role, highlighting a hybrid information- seeking environment. The study further explores students’ engagement with library services, including circulation, reference, and remote access, and underscores the importance of library orientation and information literacy programs, which significantly enhance resource utilization and research skills. However, barriers such as infrastructural deficiencies, digital literacy gaps, language hurdles, and limited ICT skills impede optimal usage of available resources. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA tests, demonstrate that effective use of information sources positively impacts academic performance and research output. The findings highlight the necessity for targeted interventions, infrastructural improvements, and comprehensive training programs to bridge existing gaps. Overall, fostering digital literacy and promoting resource awareness are crucial for empowering postgraduate students to excel academically and contribute effectively to research and knowledge creation in a rapidly evolving information environment.
Determinants of Retention in Digital Banking: PLS-SEM Meets Necessary Condition Analysis
The rapid digitalisation of the banking industry has transformed service delivery mechanisms and intensified competition among banks, making customer retention a critical strategic priority. This study examines the determinants and necessary conditions of customer retention intention in digital banking by integrating Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). Data were collected from 435 bank customers in Goa using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The measurement model was assessed for reliability and validity, followed by structural model estimation to test the hypothesised relationships among customer loyalty, digital commitment, employee performance, perceived information quality, perceived service orientation, post service recovery satisfaction, and switching cost. The results reveal that post service recovery satisfaction significantly enhances customer loyalty and customer retention intention, while employee performance, perceived information quality, and perceived service orientation strongly influence recovery satisfaction. In addition, the moderation effect of switching cost on the relationship between recovery satisfaction and retention intention is supported. The NCA findings further identify employee performance, perceived information quality, and recovery satisfaction as necessary conditions for achieving high levels of customer retention. By distinguishing between sufficient drivers and indispensable prerequisites, this study offers a novel theoretical contribution to digital banking and relationship marketing literature. The findings provide practical implications for banking managers seeking to strengthen service recovery systems and build long-term customer relationships in an increasingly digital environment.
A Socio – Legal Study on Reproductive & Child Health among Santhal Tribal Community: With Special Reference to West Burdwan in West Bengal
The Santhal people are one of the homogenous and dominant tribes in comparison to the Munda, Bhumiji, Kora, Lodha, Mahali, Bhutia, Bedia and Savar in West Bengal. The present study aims to investigate the issues pertaining to infants and children, marriages, pregnancy, family planning practices etc.., The Santhal’s society is patrilineal and patriarchal in nature. Problems of health and nutrition among the tribals are common due to poverty and lack of sanitary and proper medical facilities. Child marriage has been a pervasive factor in the society and the position of women has been subordinate to that of men. The ideas that are prevalent in the Western World on the concept of reproductive and child health have influenced India and the issue related to the health of the mother and child has changed. For this research the researcher has used an Interview Schedule for the collection of primary data to secure the responses of the subject belonging to socio economic strata of the various denominations.
Samajik Nayay ke Agradoot ke Roop me Jyotiba Phoole ka Yogdaan (1827 - 1890)
From Farms to Factories: Balancing Agriculture and Industry through Startup Management for Sustainable Economic Development
Economic development is increasingly understood as a process of structural transformation that requires balanced growth across productive sectors. In many developing and transition economies, development strategies have historically prioritized industrialization, often based on the assumption that agriculture would gradually decline in importance as economies modernize. However, extensive empirical evidence indicates that neglecting agriculture results in food insecurity, persistent rural poverty, widening regional disparities, and unsustainable growth trajectories. This paper argues that sustainable economic development requires a balanced and mutually reinforcing relationship between agriculture and industry rather than the dominance of one sector over the other. In this context, startups and startup management have emerged as critical institutional mechanisms capable of integrating agricultural and industrial activities. The objectives of the study are fourfold: to examine the respective roles of agriculture and industry in the process of economic development, to analyse the necessity of maintaining a balance between agricultural and industrial growth, to explore how startups function as a structural and operational link between agriculture and industry, and to assess the contribution of startup management to inclusive and sustainable development outcomes. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical research methodology, relying exclusively on secondary data sources such as peer-reviewed academic literature, government policy documents, development reports, and publications by international institutions. The analysis is grounded in classical development theories, models of structural transformation, and contemporary literature on entrepreneurship and management. The central argument advanced in the paper is that startups—particularly those operating in agribusiness, food processing, logistics, rural manufacturing, and digital platforms—serve as an integrative bridge between agriculture and industry by facilitating value addition, technological diffusion, improved market access, and employment generation, thereby reducing structural rigidities that traditionally separate primary and secondary sectors. Effective startup management plays a decisive role in ensuring innovation, scalability, financial sustainability, and organisational resilience, strengthening agri–industrial value chains. The contribution of the study lies in its interdisciplinary approach that integrates insights from development economics and management studies and positions startups not merely as entrepreneurial ventures but as development institutions that promote balanced sectoral growth, inclusive development, and long-term economic sustainability..